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10.1371/journal.pone.0361915.t003 Table 3 Beliefs about causes and treatments of obesity and ANOVAs of their association with Dislike and F-Scale. Dislike F-Scale N (%) M (SD) F p d Cohen/ η² * M (SD) F p Cohen’s d/ η² * Q1. Obesity is best defined as… 2.06 .084 .009 1.27 .282 .006 1.
A lifestyle choice 7 (0.8) 3.00 (1.98) 3.17 (0.73) 2. A disease 227 (24.6) 2.04 (0.85) 3.54 (0.43) 3. A risk factor for other diseases and sometimes a disease in itself 663 (71.9) 2.10 (0.87) 3.53 (0.44) 4.
A risk factor for other diseases 14 (1.5) 2.12 (0.83) 3.58 (0.40) 5. Other 11 (1.2) 1.99 (0.83) 3.47 (0.46) Q2. What is the most common cause of a person overeating?
2.34 .040 .013 2.91 .013 .016 1. Food environment 157 (17.0) 2.08 (0.74) 3.49 (0.43) 2. Food addiction 36 (3.9) 2.38 (1.30) 3.69 (0.58) 3.
Gluttony 14 (1.5) 2.22 (0.58) 3.45 (0.66) 4. Emotional/comfort eating 301 (32.6) 2.17 (0.96) 3.58 (0.43) 5. Malfunction of physiological mechanisms that regulate appetite/satiety 333 (36.1) 1.98 (0.76) 3.48 (0.43) 6.
Other 81 (8.8) 2.14 (1.03) 3.54 (0.42) Q2 (bis). What is the most common cause of a person overeating? − 8.17 .004 .009 10.71 .001 .012 − Personal causes (Q2: 2,3,4) 349 (38.1) 2.19 (0.99) 3.59 (0.46) − Other causes (Q2: 1,5,6) 567 (69.1) 2.03 (0.80) 3.49 (0.53) Q3. Which of the following conditions/diseases could be entirely prevented by an individual’s commitment to follow a healthy lifestyle? − Type 1 diabetes 0.002 .968 .000 7.36 .007 .008 No 891 (96.6) 2.09 (0.88) 3.54 (0.43) Yes 31 (3.4) 2.08 (0.95) 3.30 (0.61) − Cancer 1.83 .177 .002 3.71 .054 .004 No 734 (79.6) 2.08 (0.86) 3.52 (0.43) Yes 188 (20.4) 2.15 (0.97) 3.56 (0.50) − Obesity 7.97 .005 .009 9.55 .002 .010 No 317 (34.4) 1.98 (0.80) 3.47 (0.41) Yes 605 (65.6) 2.15 (0.91) 3.56 (0.45) − HIV Infection 0.01 .915 .000 2.03 .151 .002 No 572 (62.0) 2.10 (0.90) 3.52 (0.45) Yes 350 (38.0) 2.09 (0.85) 3.55 (0.43) − Type 2 diabetes 2.18 .140 .002 3.96 .
048 .004 No 354 (38.4) 2.04 (0.87) 3.50 (0.42) Yes 568 (61.6) 2.13 (0.89) 3.55 (0.46) − Osteoarthritis 0.10 .753 .000 0.73 .394 .001 No 738 (80.0) 2.09 (0.85) 3.54 (0.42) Yes 184 (20.0) 2.10 (1.01) 3.49 (0.52) Q4 . Which of the following conditions/diseases could be cured by an individual’s commitment to follow a healthy lifestyle? − Type 1 diabetes 1.13 .288 .001 0.29 .589 .000 No 909 (98.6) 2.10 (0.88) 3.53 (0.44) Yes 13 (1.4) 1.86 (0.97) 3.47 (0.55) − Cancer 0.78 .779 .000 8.53 .004 .009 No 900 (97.6) 2.09 (0.87) 3.54 (0.44) Yes 22 (2.4) 2.12 (1.32) 3.24 (0.61) − Obesity 11.85 <.001 .013 19.50 <.001 .020 No 387 (42.0) 1.96 (0.78) 3.45 (0.41) Yes 535 (58.9) 2.18 (0.94) 3.58 (0.46) − HIV Infection 0.36 .850 .000 0.005 .946 .000 No 859 (93.2) 2.09 (0.87) 3.53 (0.44) Yes 63 (6.8) 2.15 (0.98) 3.51 (0.42) − Type 2 diabetes 4.07 .044 .004 5.86 .016 .006 No 541 (58.7) 2.04 (0.84) 3.50 (0.42) Yes 381 (41.3) 2.17 (0.93) 3.57 (0.46) − Osteoarthritis 1.10 .294 .003 1.73 .188 .002 No 863 (93.6) 2.09 (0.85) 3.53 (0.43) Yes 59 (6.4) 2.16 (1.22) 3.44 (0.60) Q5. What makes it difficult for people to lose weight?
7.65 <.001 .025 8.38 <.001 .027 1. Individual’s lack of motivation and or self-discipline leading to sedentary lifestyle and poor food choices 528 (57.3) 2.21 (0.99) 3.58 (0.45) 2. Genetic and or acquired dysfunction of metabolism, not modifiable by lifestyle choices 53 (5.7) 1.67 (0.60) 3.29 (0.51) 3.
Overabundance of food and drink that promote weight gain (e.g. high sugar content) 261 (28.3) 1.99 (0.78) 3.48 (0.39) 4. Other 80 (8.7) 1.95 (0.78) 3.46 (0.40) Q6. Which of the following is the most effective treatment for severe obesity (BMI >35 kg/m 2 )?
0.164 .920 .001 1.88 .131 .006 1. Lifestyle interventions (diet and exercise) 258 (28.0) 2.11 (0.90) 3.51 (0.47) 2. Medications 16 (1.7) 2.08 (1.18) 3.45 (0.40) 3.
Psychological support and behavioural modifications 257 (27.9) 2.07 (0.79) 3.52 (0.41) 4. Surgery 391 (42.4) 2.10 (0.91) 3.55 (0.44) Q7. A patient does not lose significant weight while participating in a lifestyle intervention programme .
This is most likely due to...” 3.87 .009 .013 11.92 <.001 .038 1. Poor compliance due to lack of motivation/self-discipline 302 (32.8) 2.20 (0.96) 3.65 (0.40) 2. Poor compliance due to factors beyond patient’s control (i.e. working or family conditions, other health conditions for example those that limit mobility) 344 (37.3) 2.11 (0.87) 3.50 (0.47) 3.
Inadequate treatment/advise/support by care providers (i.e. physician, dietitian, exercise specialist or psychologist) 176 (19.1) 2.03 (0.80) 3.50 (0.42) 4. Biological mechanisms of the disease (obesity) that are resistant to lifestyle intervention 91 (9.9) 1.80 (0.74) 3.32 (0.40) Q8. After losing a significant amount of weight from a lifestyle programme a patient regains all/most of their weight.
This is most likely due to...” 1.68 .170 .006 3.19 .023 .011 1. An individual’s diet and or lifestyle choices 326 (35.4) 2.19 (0.91) 3.59 (0.43) 2. Factors beyond patient’s control (i.e. working conditions, other Health conditions for example those that limit mobility) that undermine compliance with post-operative follow up/diet 213 (23.1) 2.09 (0.93) 3.50 (0.51) 3.
Inadequate follow up treatment/advice/support by care providers (i.e. physician, dietitian, exercise specialist or psychologist) 229 (24.8) 2.05 (0.85) 3.51 (0.39) 4. Relapse or progression of the disease (obesity) 147 (15.9) 1.98 (0.76) 3.45 (0.41) Notes. Underlined words in the questions reflect emphasis present in the original ASK questionnaire and were retained as administered in the present study.
Adjusted by sociodemographic variables, weight status and WBIS-M. M = mean; SD = standard deviation; N = number of participants. F = statistic from the ANOVA models.
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus. Bold values indicate statistically significant results ( p < .05). * Cohen’s d for the comparison or two means; η² effect size for more than two mean