Tables 3–5 were uploaded incorrectly. Please see the correct Tables 3–5 here. 10.1371/journal.pone.0362565.t003 Table 3 Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms among women (N= 13,183).
Variables Anxiety symptoms (AOR [95% CI]) p-value Depressive symptoms (AOR [95% CI]) p-value Women Age 15–19 Ref – Ref – 20–24 1.28 [0.97, 1.69] 0.075 1.24 [0.94, 1.65] 0.134 25–29 1.43 [1.03, 1.97] 0.031 1.23 [0.90, 1.67] 0.192 30–34 1.41 [0.98, 2.02] 0.061 1.17 [0.82, 1.66] 0.396 35–39 2.06 [1.48, 2.87] <0.001 1.49 [1.07, 2.08] 0.020 40–44 1.23 [0.81, 1.85] 0.328 1.03 [0.72, 1.47] 0.882 45–49 1.58 [1.12, 2.23] 0.009 1.32 [0.92, 1.89] 0.132 Age at first sex <18 years Ref – Ref – ≥18 years 1.66 [1.25, 2.19] <0.001 1.60 [1.17, 2.18] 0.003 Women Education Below Primary Ref – Ref – Secondary Incomplete 1.05 [0.82, 1.35] 0.669 0.85 [0.65, 1.12] 0.254 Secondary+ 0.82 [0.50, 1.35] 0.436 0.74 [0.40, 1.39] 0.353 Employment No Ref – Ref – Yes 1.01 [0.81, 1.26] 0.922 0.93 [0.74, 1.16] 0.519 Decision making Autonomy No Ref – Ref – Yes 0.67 [0.54, 0.83] <0.001 0.65 [0.53, 0.81] <0.001 Wealth Poor Ref – Ref – Middle Class 0.92 [0.65, 1.31] 0.650 0.88 [0.62, 1.24] 0.456 Rich 1.00 [0.61, 1.65] 0.986 1.08 [0.66, 1.75] 0.769 Household assets No Ref – Ref – Yes 0.76 [0.62, 0.92] 0.005 0.84 [0.69, 1.02] 0.077 Currently pregnant No Ref – Ref – Yes 1.29 [0.95, 1.76] 0.100 1.35 [1.00, 1.83] 0.052 Pregnancy History Single Ref – Ref – Multiple pregnancy 0.95 [0.67, 1.32] 0.745 0.85 [0.62, 1.16] 0.294 Pregnancy loss None Ref – Ref – One loss 0.71 [0.49, 1.04] 0.075 0.74 [0.53, 1.03] 0.076 Two or more losses 1.18 [0.72, 1.92] 0.512 0.87 [0.52, 1.46] 0.604 IPV justification No Ref – Ref – Yes 0.98 [0.72, 1.33] 0.904 0.96 [0.69, 1.33] 0.794 Age at cohabitation ≤17 years Ref – Ref – Mild (18–20) 1.04 [0.83, 1.31] 0.708 1.12 [0.90, 1.40] 0.300 Older (21+) 0.87 [0.68, 1.12] 0.271 1.11 [0.85, 1.45] 0.439 Water Access Unimproved Ref – Ref – Improved 0.86 [0.63, 1.18] 0.356 0.84 [0.58, 1.21] 0.343 Sanitation Facilities Unimproved Ref – Ref – Improved 0.76 [0.60, 0.98] 0.035 0.85 [0.65, 1.11] 0.231 Household materials Unimproved Ref – Ref – Improved 1.37 [1.07, 1.76] 0.013 1.25 [0.96, 1.62] 0.096 Media Access No Ref – Ref – Yes 0.97 [0.76, 1.23] 0.793 0.88 [0.71, 1.10] 0.263 Internet use No Ref – Ref – Yes 1.46 [1.07, 1.99] 0.018 1.16 [0.80, 1.68] 0.421 Province Maputo Cidade Ref – Ref – Cabo Delgado 3.47 [1.83, 6.57] <0.001 4.99 [2.67, 9.33] <0.001 Nampula 12.06 [8.05, 18.06] <0.001 9.02 [5.34, 15.23] <0.001 Zambézia 3.03 [1.82, 5.02] <0.001 3.06 [1.59, 5.86] 0.001 Tete 1.57 [0.95, 2.60] 0.080 0.90 [0.46, 1.78] 0.765 Manica 0.59 [0.31, 1.12] 0.107 0.60 [0.28, 1.32] 0.204 Sofala 1.96 [1.17, 3.28] 0.011 3.04 [1.68, 5.50] <0.001 Inhambane 0.37 [0.17, 0.80] 0.012 0.90 [0.45, 1.81] 0.762 Gaza 0.23 [0.11, 0.49] <0.001 0.23 [0.10, 0.53] 0.001 Maputo 1.87 [0.98, 3.56] 0.059 1.37 [0.63, 2.96] 0.427 Religion Catholic Ref – Ref – Islam 1.05 [0.79, 1.40] 0.737 1.02 [0.74, 1.41] 0.897 Zion 1.06 [0.76, 1.49] 0.727 1.10 [0.74, 1.65] 0.641 Evangelical/Pentecostal 1.28 [0.91, 1.79] 0.158 1.25 [0.89, 1.76] 0.198 Other 1.48 [1.02, 2.16] 0.039 1.18 [0.78, 1.78] 0.432 Place of Residence Urban Ref – Ref – Rural 0.93 [0.64, 1.34] 0.679 0.89 [0.60, 1.33] 0.583 10.1371/journal.pone.0362565.t004 Table 4 Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with anxiety symptoms among women in Mozambique, stratified by place of residence and internet use (N = 13,183). Characteristic Rural Urban No Internet Internet aOR (95% CI) p aOR (95% CI) p aOR (95% CI) p aOR (95% CI) p Women's age (ref: 15–19) 20–24 1.22 (0.84, 1.76) 0.296 1.38 (0.91, 2.10) 0.133 1.30 (0.96, 1.76) 0.088 1.25 (0.67, 2.33) 0.475 25–29 1.23 (0.81, 1.87) 0.339 1.72 (0.99, 2.99) 0.053 1.32 (0.93, 1.85) 0.116 2.21 (1.05, 4.63) 0.036 30–34 1.38 (0.87, 2.19) 0.169 1.32 (0.71, 2.44) 0.378 1.41 (0.95, 2.08) 0.086 1.30 (0.53, 3.17) 0.566 35–39 1.88 (1.20, 2.94) 0.006 2.25 (1.36, 3.72) 0.002 2.21 (1.54, 3.18) <0.001 1.11 (0.45, 2.74) 0.823 40–44 1.37 (0.79, 2.35) 0.260 0.90 (0.50, 1.61) 0.713 1.29 (0.83, 2.02) 0.259 0.62 (0.23, 1.70) 0.355 45–49 1.86 (1.22, 2.82) 0.004 1.00 (0.52, 1.93) 0.992 1.68 (1.18, 2.39) 0.004 0.54 (0.17, 1.75) 0.307 Age at first sex (ref: <18 years) ≥18 years 1.88 (1.25, 2.83) 0.002 1.44 (1.01, 2.04) 0.043 1.82 (1.32, 2.51) <0.001 1.05 (0.65, 1.70) 0.826 Women's education (ref: Below primary) Secondary incomplete 1.36 (0.88, 2.12) 0.168 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) 0.390 1.03 (0.77, 1.38) 0.838 0.91 (0.52, 1.59) 0.733 Secondary+ 0.78 (0.21, 2.91) 0.711 0.72 (0.42, 1.24) 0.241 0.43 (0.07, 2.54) 0.350 0.70 (0.35, 1.42) 0.324 Employment (ref: No) Yes 0.89 (0.63, 1.26) 0.509 1.14 (0.85, 1.53) 0.364 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) 0.942 1.24 (0.85, 1.81) 0.259 Decision-making autonomy (ref: No) Yes 0.59 (0.45, 0.79) <0.001 0.80 (0.56, 1.14) 0.219 0.64 (0.51, 0.82) <0.001 0.93 (0.59, 1.47) 0.751 Household wealth (ref: Poor) Middle 1.09 (0.74, 1.62) 0.655 0.59 (0.30, 1.19) 0.139 0.95 (0.67, 1.37) 0.802 0.32 (0.04, 2.68) 0.295 Rich 0.87 (0.44, 1.75) 0.704 0.82 (0.37, 1.83) 0.628 1.09 (0.65, 1.82) 0.751 0.14 (0.02, 0.94) 0.043 Household assets (ref: No) Yes 0.91 (0.72, 1.15) 0.427 0.58 (0.42, 0.79) 0.001 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) 0.010 0.69 (0.39, 1.25) 0.222 Currently pregnant (ref: No) Yes 1.40 (0.96, 2.04) 0.084 1.10 (0.69, 1.73) 0.692 1.26 (0.90, 1.75) 0.174 1.62 (0.77, 3.41) 0.201 Pregnancy history (ref: Single) Multiple 0.95 (0.60, 1.52) 0.832 0.91 (0.57, 1.43) 0.667 0.92 (0.63, 1.34) 0.662 1.07 (0.54, 2.12) 0.843 Pregnancy loss (ref: None) One 1.01 (0.60, 1.70) 0.982 0.49 (0.29, 0.81) 0.006 0.70 (0.44, 1.11) 0.131 0.72 (0.36, 1.44) 0.357 Two or more 0.91 (0.40, 2.11) 0.831 1.55 (0.86, 2.78) 0.141 1.06 (0.57, 1.96) 0.850 1.87 (0.82, 4.28) 0.138 IPV Justification (ref:No) Yes 0.96 (0.66, 1.39) 0.810 1.03 (0.66, 1.61) 0.895 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) 0.707 1.86 (0.89, 3.90) 0.098 Age at cohabitation (ref: ≤17) Mild (18–20) 0.95 (0.69, 1.30) 0.747 1.03 (0.73, 1.44) 0.884 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) 0.946 1.27 (0.62, 2.62) 0.518 Older (21+) 0.91 (0.64, 1.31) 0.622 0.84 (0.64, 1.10) 0.203 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) 0.191 1.19 (0.65, 2.17) 0.573 Water access (ref: Unimproved) Improved 0.86 (0.59, 1.26) 0.437 0.82 (0.48, 1.42) 0.485 0.85 (0.60, 1.19) 0.338 0.95 (0.50, 1.81) 0.887 Sanitation facilities (ref: Unimproved) Improved 0.77 (0.54, 1.10) 0.148 0.73 (0.52, 1.03) 0.071 0.68 (0.51, 0.92) 0.011 1.25 (0.86, 1.82) 0.246 Household materials (ref: Unimproved) Improved 0.98 (0.72, 1.35) 0.917 2.43 (1.71, 3.45) <0.001 1.29 (0.99, 1.70) 0.060 2.30 (0.80, 6.60) 0.121 Media access (ref: No) Yes 0.96 (0.71, 1.29) 0.785 1.04 (0.68, 1.61) 0.842 0.95 (0.75, 1.22) 0.707 — — Internet use (ref: No) Yes 2.06 (1.00, 4.22) 0.050 1.39 (0.99, 1.94) 0.054 — — — — Province (ref: Maputo City) Cabo Delgado 3.38 (1.66, 6.90) 0.001 3.06 (1.03, 9.13) 0.045 3.94 (2.08, 7.45) <0.001 1.33 (0.27, 6.44) 0.724 Nampula 15.36 (9.02, 26.13) <0.001 8.44 (4.48, 15.91) <0.001 13.13 (8.43, 20.45) <0.001 5.01 (1.55, 16.19) 0.007 Zambézia 3.85 (2.00, 7.42) <0.001 1.44 (0.70, 2.96) 0.319 2.93 (1.64, 5.25) <0.001 3.01 (0.95, 9.57) 0.062 Tete 2.08 (1.09, 3.96) 0.026 0.82 (0.33, 2.03) 0.668 1.44 (0.80, 2.60) 0.228 1.61 (0.45, 5.77) 0.467 Manica 0.66 (0.27, 1.59) 0.351 0.43 (0.21, 0.90) 0.026 0.64 (0.30, 1.37) 0.251 0.26 (0.06, 1.12) 0.071 Sofala 1.33 (0.66, 2.69) 0.417 2.54 (1.30, 4.94) 0.006 1.60 (0.90, 2.86) 0.112 2.59 (0.76, 8.89) 0.129 Inhambane 0.31 (0.09, 1.08) 0.065 0.44 (0.18, 1.09) 0.075 0.60 (0.25, 1.42) 0.245 0.13 (0.03, 0.53) 0.005 Gaza 0.25 (0.09, 0.68) 0.007 0.25 (0.08, 0.80) 0.019 0.28 (0.12, 0.66) 0.003 0.16 (0.04, 0.68) 0.013 Maputo Province 1.29 (0.46, 3.60) 0.622 2.53 (1.24, 5.15) 0.011 2.23 (1.06, 4.70) 0.035 1.77 (0.53, 5.91) 0.353 Cidade de Maputo — — 0.76 (0.41, 1.41) 0.381 0.85 (0.37, 1.95) 0.698 0.63 (0.18, 2.15) 0.457 Religion (ref: Catholic) Islam 1.07 (0.74, 1.54) 0.709 0.93 (0.56, 1.54) 0.770 1.06 (0.78, 1.44) 0.698 1.11 (0.58, 2.11) 0.755 Zion 1.42 (0.91, 2.21) 0.119 0.52 (0.31, 0.89) 0.017 1.17 (0.78, 1.75) 0.448 0.52 (0.25, 1.09) 0.083 Evangelical/Pentecostal 1.95 (1.21, 3.14) 0.006 0.53 (0.37, 0.77) 0.001 1.57 (1.04, 2.37) 0.031 0.54 (0.33, 0.88) 0.014 Other 1.61 (0.97, 2.66) 0.066 1.13 (0.68, 1.89) 0.639 1.68 (1.10, 2.57) 0.017 0.66 (0.30, 1.46) 0.309 Note. aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; Ref. = reference category. Models were estimated using survey-weighted (svy) logistic regression accounting for the complex survey design (strata, primary sampling units, and sampling weights).
Reference categories are indicated in parentheses beneath each characteristic heading. Bold italicized headings denote categorical variable groupings; reference category odds = 1.00 (not shown). “—” indicates the variable was not included in or estimable for that model (e.g., omitted for collinearity or zero cell counts/subpopulation size).
All reported p-values are two-tailed; statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. 10.1371/journal.pone.0362565.t005 Table 5 Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with depressive symptoms among women in Mozambique, stratified by place of residence and internet use (N = 13,183). Characteristic Rural Urban No Internet Use Internet Use aOR (95% CI) p aOR (95% CI) p aOR (95% CI) p aOR (95% CI) p Women's age (ref: 15–19) 20–24 1.15 (0.78, 1.69) 0.483 1.36 (0.91, 2.05) 0.134 1.16 (0.84, 1.60) 0.356 1.67 (0.95, 2.94) 0.074 25–29 1.16 (0.77, 1.75) 0.477 1.26 (0.80, 1.99) 0.318 1.08 (0.78, 1.51) 0.633 2.37 (1.11, 5.05) 0.026 30–34 1.06 (0.66, 1.72) 0.801 1.20 (0.69, 2.09) 0.527 1.10 (0.75, 1.61) 0.624 1.42 (0.47, 4.27) 0.529 35–39 1.56 (1.01, 2.40) 0.043 1.38 (0.81, 2.34) 0.236 1.52 (1.07, 2.16) 0.019 0.79 (0.24, 2.55) 0.688 40–44 1.02 (0.64, 1.61) 0.944 0.98 (0.54, 1.77) 0.950 1.02 (0.70, 1.49) 0.912 0.57 (0.15, 2.13) 0.406 45–49 1.42 (0.91, 2.23) 0.126 1.03 (0.55, 1.92) 0.929 1.29 (0.88, 1.89) 0.187 0.53 (0.15, 1.91) 0.333 Age at first sexual intercourse (ref: < 18 years) ≥18 years 1.96 (1.32, 2.91) 0.001 1.23 (0.76, 1.97) 0.396 1.82 (1.31, 2.55) <0.001 0.71 (0.38, 1.34) 0.293 Woman's education (ref: None/Primary) Secondary Incomplete 1.03 (0.61, 1.73) 0.924 0.78 (0.61, 1.02) 0.065 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) 0.346 0.66 (0.39, 1.11) 0.116 Secondary+ 0.18 (0.02, 1.68) 0.131 0.87 (0.46, 1.66) 0.673 0.20 (0.02, 1.69) 0.138 0.71 (0.31, 1.63) 0.423 Employment (ref: No) Yes 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) 0.349 1.03 (0.73, 1.45) 0.885 0.92 (0.72, 1.19) 0.531 1.19 (0.75, 1.89) 0.458 Decision Making Autonomy (ref: No) Yes 0.60 (0.45, 0.80) 0.001 0.79 (0.58, 1.07) 0.123 0.64 (0.51, 0.81) <0.001 0.83 (0.50, 1.35) 0.445 Household wealth (ref: Poor) Middle Class 0.87 (0.59, 1.30) 0.499 0.83 (0.41, 1.68) 0.599 0.90 (0.63, 1.29) 0.579 0.29 (0.04, 2.20) 0.232 Rich 1.03 (0.52, 2.04) 0.942 0.86 (0.40, 1.88) 0.709 1.14 (0.68, 1.92) 0.626 0.21 (0.03, 1.48) 0.116 Household assets (ref: No) Yes 0.94 (0.73, 1.21) 0.633 0.71 (0.54, 0.95) 0.023 0.84 (0.69, 1.04) 0.104 0.86 (0.47, 1.59) 0.630 Currently pregnant (ref: No) Yes 1.59 (1.11, 2.29) 0.012 0.92 (0.54, 1.59) 0.771 1.31 (0.95, 1.82) 0.100 1.63 (0.73, 3.64) 0.230 Pregnancy history (ref: Single) Multiple pregnancy 0.73 (0.47, 1.13) 0.159 1.09 (0.72, 1.66) 0.684 0.78 (0.55, 1.10) 0.154 1.41 (0.72, 2.76) 0.317 Pregnancy loss (ref: None) One loss 0.82 (0.52, 1.30) 0.392 0.72 (0.44, 1.15) 0.166 0.76 (0.52, 1.13) 0.177 0.71 (0.36, 1.42) 0.330 Two or more losses 0.46 (0.20, 1.04) 0.063 1.59 (0.79, 3.18) 0.192 0.66 (0.36, 1.22) 0.189 2.64 (1.16, 5.97) 0.020 IPV Justification (ref: No) Yes 0.93 (0.60, 1.45) 0.741 1.09 (0.75, 1.57) 0.658 0.98 (0.69, 1.39) 0.896 0.71 (0.34, 1.48) 0.363 Age at cohabitation (ref: Young, < 18) Mild (18–20) 1.01 (0.76, 1.33) 0.971 1.19 (0.84, 1.68) 0.332 1.06 (0.83, 1.35) 0.665 1.50 (0.70, 3.23) 0.298 Older (21+) 1.23 (0.86, 1.75) 0.252 0.93 (0.63, 1.36) 0.700 1.09 (0.82, 1.47) 0.545 1.19 (0.62, 2.29) 0.599 Water Access (ref: Unimproved) Improved 0.85 (0.54, 1.32) 0.467 0.80 (0.49, 1.31) 0.372 0.85 (0.57, 1.26) 0.411 0.55 (0.31, 1.00) 0.049 Sanitation facility (ref: Unimproved) Improved 0.93 (0.65, 1.31) 0.668 0.78 (0.54, 1.14) 0.203 0.77 (0.56, 1.05) 0.095 1.56 (1.05, 2.31) 0.028 Household materials (ref: Unimproved) Improved 1.17 (0.84, 1.61) 0.354 1.44 (0.99, 2.11) 0.059 1.17 (0.89, 1.54) 0.256 3.67 (0.81, 16.69) 0.092 Media Access (ref: No) Yes 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) 0.124 1.20 (0.79, 1.82) 0.388 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) 0.225 — — Internet use (ref: No) Yes 1.78 (0.85, 3.72) 0.126 1.09 (0.72, 1.67) 0.679 — — — — Place of residence (ref: Urban) Rural — — — — 0.86 (0.54, 1.35) 0.501 1.18 (0.60, 2.34) 0.633 Province (ref: Niassa) Cabo Delgado 8.03 (3.30, 19.55) <0.001 3.02 (1.05, 8.75) 0.041 5.65 (3.03, 10.55) <0.001 1.68 (0.32, 8.73) 0.536 Nampula 14.59 (6.25, 34.08) <0.001 5.60 (2.63, 11.92) <0.001 9.96 (5.75, 17.23) <0.001 2.96 (0.81, 10.75) 0.099 Zambézia 5.09 (1.96, 13.22) 0.001 1.25 (0.42, 3.70) 0.687 3.24 (1.62, 6.48) 0.001 1.80 (0.39, 8.26) 0.447 Tete 1.53 (0.58, 4.02) 0.384 0.35 (0.09, 1.33) 0.124 1.07 (0.52, 2.17) 0.859 0.15 (0.02, 1.01) 0.051 Manica 0.84 (0.27, 2.64) 0.763 0.43 (0.15, 1.21) 0.109 0.79 (0.34, 1.83) 0.579 0.06 (0.01, 0.40) 0.004 Sofala 4.08 (1.64, 10.17) 0.003 2.57 (1.14, 5.77) 0.023 2.87 (1.52, 5.40) 0.001 2.10 (0.58, 7.60) 0.257 Inhambane 0.96 (0.34, 2.70) 0.939 0.84 (0.29, 2.38) 0.738 1.13 (0.50, 2.53) 0.774 0.25 (0.07, 0.98) 0.047 Gaza 0.28 (0.08, 0.95) 0.042 0.22 (0.07, 0.67) 0.009 0.20 (0.06, 0.69) 0.011 0.13 (0.03, 0.54) 0.005 Maputo Province 1.16 (0.37, 3.65) 0.796 1.38 (0.54, 3.53) 0.496 1.64 (0.65, 4.10) 0.292 0.57 (0.15, 2.15) 0.407 Cidade de Maputo — — 0.51 (0.23, 1.17) 0.111 0.89 (0.37, 2.14) 0.796 0.22 (0.06, 0.79) 0.020 Religion (ref: Catholic) Islam 0.86 (0.56, 1.33) 0.500 1.35 (0.79, 2.31) 0.271 0.99 (0.71, 1.38) 0.949 1.40 (0.65, 3.04) 0.388 Zion 1.21 (0.69, 2.10) 0.503 0.89 (0.52, 1.53) 0.679 0.96 (0.58, 1.57) 0.859 1.72 (0.81, 3.63) 0.157 Evangelical/Pentecostal 1.55 (0.96, 2.50) 0.071 0.82 (0.55, 1.21) 0.317 1.35 (0.91, 2.00) 0.142 0.94 (0.54, 1.64) 0.835 Other 1.17 (0.69, 2.00) 0.554 1.19 (0.68, 2.08) 0.541 1.18 (0.74, 1.88) 0.479 1.01 (0.46, 2.18) 0.988 Note. aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; Ref. = reference category.
Models were estimated using survey-weighted (svy) logistic regression accounting for the complex survey design (strata, primary sampling units, and sampling weights). Reference categories are indicated in parentheses beneath each characteristic heading. Bold italicized headings denote categorical variable groupings; reference category odds = 1.00 (not shown).
“—” indicates the variable was not included in or estimable for that model (e.g., omitted for collinearity or zero cell counts/subpopulation size). All reported p-values are two-tailed; statistical significance was set at p < 0.0