Fludrocortisone Acetate (fludrocortisone acetate)

Fludrocortisone acetate is administered orally. Dosage depends on the severity of the disease and the response of the patient. Patients should be continually monitored for signs that indicate dosage adjustment is necessary, such as remissions or exacerbations of the disease and stress (surgery, infection, trauma).

No dosing information is available for this tab.

There is no enhanced messaging for this drug.

Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

Corticosteroids/Mifamurtide

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Mifamurtide activates macrophages as its mechanism of action. Corticosteroids suppress the immune system.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Chronic or routine use of corticosteroids may decrease the effectiveness of mifamurtide.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The UK manufacturer of mifamurtide states that the chronic or routine use of corticosteroids should be avoided during therapy with mifamurtide.(1)

DISCUSSION: Because mifamurtide stimulates the immune system, the chronic or routine use of corticosteroids should be avoided during therapy with mifamurtide.(1)

Glucocorticoids/Aldesleukin

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids may suppress interleukin-2-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of corticosteroids may reduce the antitumor effectiveness of aldesleukin.(2)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of aldesleukin states that concurrent administration of corticosteroids and aldesleukin should be avoided.(2)

DISCUSSION: Corticosteroids have been shown to reduce aldesleukin-related side effects such as fever, renal insufficiency, hyperbilirubinemia, confusion, and dyspnea.(1,2) However, dexamethasone has been shown to reduce aldesleukin-induced TNF synthesis.(1)

Glucocorticoids/Desmopressin

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Glucocorticoids increase the risk of hyponatremia.(1-4)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of glucocorticoids may increase the risk of hyponatremia with desmopressin.(1-4)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Predisposing factors for hyponatremia include: polydipsia, renal impairment (eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73m2), illnesses that can cause fluid/electrolyte imbalances, age >=65, medications that cause water retention and/or increase the risk of hyponatremia (carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, lamotrigine, loop diuretics, NSAIDs, opioids, SSRIs, thiazide diuretics, and/or tricyclic antidepressants).

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The concurrent use of systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids with desmopressin is contraindicated.(1-4) Desmopressin may be initiated 3 days or 5 half-lives after glucocorticoid discontinuation, whichever is longer. If concurrent use is deemed medically necessary, make sure serum sodium levels are normal before beginning therapy and consider using the desmopressin nasal 0.83 mcg dose. Consider measuring serum sodium levels more frequently than the recommended intervals of: within 7 days of concurrent therapy initiation, one month after concurrent therapy initiation and periodically during treatment. Counsel patients to report symptoms of hyponatremia, which may include: headache, nausea/vomiting, feeling restless, fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, muscle cramps, changes in mental state (confusion, decreased awareness/alertness), seizures, coma, and trouble breathing. Counsel patients to limit the amount of fluids they drink in the evening and night-time and to stop taking desmopressin if they develop a stomach/intestinal virus with nausea/vomiting or any nose problems (blockage, stuffy/runny nose, drainage).(1)

DISCUSSION: In clinical trials of desmopressin for the treatment of nocturia, 4 of 5 patients who developed severe hyponatremia (serum sodium <= 125 mmol/L) were taking systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids. Three of these patients were also taking NSAIDs and one was receiving a thiazide diuretic.(2) Drugs associated with hyponatremia may increase the risk, including loop diuretics, carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, glucocorticoids, lamotrigine, NSAIDs, opioids, SSRIs, thiazide diuretics, and/or tricyclic antidepressants.(1,3-4)

Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

Corticosteroids/Mifepristone

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Mifepristone is an antagonist of the progesterone and glucocorticoid (GR-II) receptors, but has little effect at the mineralocorticoid (GR-I) receptor. Mifepristone has a higher affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor than either dexamethasone or cortisol and will displace both endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids from their binding sites.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Although serum cortisol levels rise, antagonism of the glucocorticoid receptor may lead to adrenal insufficiency. Efficacy of locally administered corticosteroids may be diminished.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturers of mifepristone states that mifepristone is contraindicated in patients receiving concurrent long-term corticosteroid therapy.(1-2) Due to its long mean half-life of 85 hours(2), even short term mifepristone use may have an extended duration of effect.

DISCUSSION: The manufacturers of mifepristone states that mifepristone is contraindicated in patients receiving concurrent long-term corticosteroid therapy.(1-2)

Corticosteroids/Selected Anticholinesterase

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: The mechanism of this interaction is unknown.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of these agents may contribute to increased muscle weakness and decreased response to anticholinesterases shortly after onset of corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Deterioration in muscle strength, including severe muscular depression, has been documented in patients with myasthenia gravis while receiving corticosteroids and anticholinesterases.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, hold anticholinesterase agents at least 24 hours before initiating corticosteroid therapy. If concurrent use is necessary, close observation of the patient is indicated and life support systems should be available.

DISCUSSION: Decreased effectiveness of anticholinesterases during the period of corticosteroid-induced increased weakness probably reflects a temporary increase in the severity of the disease process itself rather than a specific, direct interaction between the two drugs. Despite the initial adverse effect, glucocorticoid (or ACTH) therapy subsequently produces improvement, beyond pre-therapy muscle strength, in most myasthenia gravis patients. In an uncontrolled study involving nine patients receiving therapeutic doses of pyridostigmine, the concurrent administration of methylprednisolone resulted in a decrease in muscle strength in 71% of treatment courses. During 57% of treatment courses, severe muscle weakness occurred, necessitating mechanical ventilation. Improvement in muscle strength and response to pyridostigmine above baseline levels occurred after methylprednisolone was discontinued. Other clinical observations have indicated that the concomitant use of these agents can affect muscle strength, although each agent alone has been used successfully in treating myasthenia gravis.

Corticosteroids/Stem Cell Immunotherapy

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids suppress the immune system. Concurrent use or premedication with a prophylactic corticosteroid may interfere with the activity of hematopoetic stem cell and T-cell immunotherapies.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Corticosteroids may decrease the efficacy of hematopoetic stem cell and T-cell immunotherapies.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer states use of corticosteroids as a premedication prior to infusion of hematopoetic stem cell and T-cell immunotherapy is strongly discouraged.(1)

DISCUSSION: Corticosteroids may decrease the efficacy of hematopoetic stem cell and T-cell immunotherapy.(1) The manufacturer states use of corticosteroids as a premedication prior to infusion of hematopoetic stem cell and T-cell immunotherapy is strongly discouraged.(1)

Corticosteroids/T Cell Immunotherapies

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids suppress the immune system. Concurrent use or premedication with a prophylactic corticosteroid may interfere with the activity of CAR-T cell immunotherapies.(1-6)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Corticosteroids may decrease the efficacy of CAR-T cell immunotherapies.(1-6)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturers recommend avoiding concurrent or prophylactic use of corticosteroids as a premedication prior to infusion of CAR-T cell immunotherapy. Corticosteroids may be used and are recommended in the case of a life-threatening emergency, including the management of cytokine release syndrome or neurological toxicities.(1-6)

DISCUSSION: Corticosteroids may decrease the efficacy of CAR-T cell immunotherapy.(1-6) The manufacturers recommend avoiding concurrent or prophylactic use of corticosteroids as a premedication prior to infusion of CAR-T cell immunotherapy.(1-6) Corticosteroids may be used and are recommended in the case of a life-threatening emergency, including the management of cytokine release syndrome or neurological toxicities.(1-6)

Selected Glucocorticoids/Relacorilant

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Relacorilant is a reversible antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.(1) Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may inhibit the metabolism of corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Relacorilant may antagonize the effect of glucocorticoids, and glucocorticoids may decrease the effect of relacorilant. Conditions requiring glucocorticoids may be exacerbated and adrenal insufficiency may occur.(1) Relacorilant may also increase systemic exposure to and effects from corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Relacorilant is contraindicated in patients who require glucocorticoids for life-saving purposes (e.g., immunosuppression after organ transplant). In patients taking glucocorticoids for other purposes, avoid relacorilant if possible. If coadministration cannot be avoided, consider alternative corticosteroids that are less affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors, like beclomethasone, prednisone, and prednisolone, and monitor relacorilant and glucocorticoid responses. If adrenal insufficiency occurs, withhold relacorilant and administer glucocorticoid therapy. High doses of glucocorticoids may be required to overcome glucocorticoid receptor antagonism, which may continue for up to 6 days after the last dose of relacorilant. After adrenal insufficiency resolves, resume the previous dose, reduce dose, or permanently discontinue relacorilant based on the severity, as recommended in the manufacturer prescribing information.(1)

DISCUSSION: Relacorilant antagonizes the glucocorticoid receptor. Relacorilant is contraindicated in patients receiving glucocorticoids for life-saving conditions and should be avoided in patients taking glucocorticoids for other conditions.(1) In a study, boceprevir (800 mg TID for 7 days) increased the area-under-curve (AUC) of a single dose of prednisone (40 mg) by 22%. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and AUC of prednisolone increased by 16% and 37%, respectively.(4) A study of 14 healthy adults found that concurrent use of ketoconazole with ciclesonide increased the AUC of ciclesonide's active metabolite, des-ciclesonide, by approximately 3.6-fold at steady state, while levels of ciclesonide remained unchanged. However, the study concluded that no dosage adjustments were required because ciclesonide has a very low potential to cause side effects.(5) A study in 18 healthy subjects examined the effects of ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) on fluticasone nasal spray (200 mcg daily). In most subjects, fluticasone was undetectable (<10 pg/ml) when administered alone. In subjects in whom fluticasone was detectable when given alone, Cmax and area-under-curve AUC averaged 11.9 pg/ml and 8.43 pg x hr/ml, respectively. With concurrent ritonavir, fluticasone Cmax and AUC increased to 318 pg/ml and 3102.6 pg x hr/ml, respectively.(7-9) This reflects increases in Cmax and AUC by 25-fold and 350-fold, respectively.(7) The cortisol AUC decreased by 86%.(11-14) In a study in 10 healthy subjects, ritonavir (200 mg twice daily for 4 and 14 days) increased the AUC of a single dose of prednisolone by 1.41-fold and 1.30-fold, respectively, after 4 days and 14 days of ritonavir.(15) There have been several case reports of Cushing's syndrome in patients treated concurrently with ritonavir and inhaled budesonide,(16-17) dexamethasone,(18) injectable triamcinolone,(19-22) nasal fluticasone.(24-42) Hepatitis has also been reported with concurrent budesonide and ritonavir.(43) In a study in 9 healthy subjects, mibefradil (50 mg once daily for 3 days) increased the AUC, Cmax, and elimination half-life of methylprednisolone by 3.8-fold, 1.8-fold, and 2.7-fold, respectively.(44) In a study in 8 healthy subjects, following nefazodone administration the following changes were seen with methylprednisolone: mean (+/-SD) area under the concentration-time curve was significantly higher (1393 +/- 343 vs. 2966 +/- 928 ug*h/L; P < 0.005), apparent clearance was lower (28.7 +/- 7.2 vs. 14.6 +/- 7.8 L/h; P < 0.02) and the terminal elimination half-life was longer (2.28 +/- 0.49 vs. 3.32 +/- 0.95 hours; P < 0.02).(45) Selected steroids metabolized by CYP3A4 are linked to this monograph.(46)

Selected Steroids/Antiretroviral Cyp3a4 Inhibitors

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Antiretroviral CYP3A4 inhibitors may inhibit the metabolism of corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4. Dexamethasone may induce metabolism of agents that are substrates of CYP3A4.(1-13,50)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of antiretroviral CYP3A4 inhibitors may result in increased systemic exposure to and effects from corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Concurrent dexamethasone may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of CYP3A4 substrates.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, avoid concurrent therapy of corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4 with antiretroviral CYP3A4 inhibitors. Alternative corticosteroids that are less affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors should be considered, like beclomethasone, prednisone, and prednisolone. If concurrent therapy is warranted, patients should be closely monitored for systemic effects. The corticosteroid may need to be discontinued. Patients receiving concurrent therapy with dexamethasone and substrates of CYP3A4 should also be monitored for decreased effectiveness of the CYP3A4 substrate. The manufacturers of nasal fluticasone(14-16) and fluticasone for inhalation(17) state that concurrent use of fluticasone and atazanavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir or saquinavir is not recommended. The US manufacturers of atazanavir,(1) fosamprenavir,(5) indinavir(6) and nelfinavir(8) recommend caution with concurrent use of inhaled or nasal fluticasone. Consider alternatives to fluticasone if long-term use is required.

DISCUSSION: In a study, boceprevir (800 mg TID for 7 days) increased the area-under-curve (AUC) of a single dose of prednisone (40 mg) by 22%. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and AUC of prednisolone increased by 16% and 37%, respectively.(2) A study of 14 healthy adults found that concurrent use of ketoconazole with ciclesonide increased the AUC of ciclesonide's active metabolite, des-ciclesonide, by approximately 3.6-fold at steady state, while levels of ciclesonide remained unchanged. However, the study concluded that no dosage adjustments were required because ciclesonide has a very low potential to cause side effects.(18) A study in 18 healthy subjects examined the effects of ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) on fluticasone nasal spray (200 mcg daily). In most subjects, fluticasone was undetectable (<10 pg/ml) when administered alone. In subjects in whom fluticasone was detectable when given alone, Cmax and area-under-curve AUC averaged 11.9 pg/ml and 8.43 pg x hr/ml, respectively. With concurrent ritonavir, fluticasone Cmax and AUC increased to 318 pg/ml and 3102.6 pg x hr/ml, respectively.(7,11,14) This reflects increases in Cmax and AUC by 25-fold and 350-fold, respectively.(3) The cortisol AUC decreased by 86%.(6,14-16) In a study in 10 healthy subjects, ritonavir (200 mg twice daily for 4 and 14 days) increased the AUC of a single dose of prednisolone by 1.41-fold and 1.30-fold, respectively, after 4 days and 14 days of ritonavir.(19) There have been several case reports of Cushing's syndrome in patients treated concurrently with ritonavir and inhaled budesonide,(19-20) dexamethasone,(22) injectable triamcinolone,(23-26) nasal fluticasone.(28-46) Hepatitis has also been reported with concurrent budesonide and ritonavir.(47) In a study in 9 healthy subjects, mibefradil (50 mg once daily for 3 days) increased the AUC, Cmax, and elimination half-life of methylprednisolone by 3.8-fold, 1.8-fold, and 2.7-fold, respectively.(48) In a study in 8 healthy subjects, following nefazodone administration the following changes were seen with methylprednisolone: mean (+/-SD) area under the concentration-time curve was significantly higher (1393 +/- 343 vs. 2966 +/- 928 ug*h/L; P < 0.005), apparent clearance was lower (28.7 +/- 7.2 vs. 14.6 +/- 7.8 L/h; P < 0.02) and the terminal elimination half-life was longer (2.28 +/- 0.49 vs. 3.32 +/- 0.95 hours; P < 0.02).(49) Selected steroids metabolized by CYP3A4 are linked to this monograph.(50) Selected CYP3A4 inhibitors and substrates linked to this monograph include: atazanavir, cobicistat, darunavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lenacapavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir.(50)

Selected Steroids/Selected Strong Cyp3a4 Inhibitors

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may inhibit the metabolism of corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may result in increased systemic exposure to and effects from corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, avoid concurrent therapy between corticosteroids metabolized by CYP3A4 and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Alternative corticosteroids that are less affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors should be considered, like beclomethasone, prednisone, and prednisolone. If concurrent therapy is warranted, patients should be closely monitored for systemic effects. The corticosteroid may need to be discontinued.

DISCUSSION: In a study, boceprevir (800 mg TID for 7 days) increased the area-under-curve (AUC) of a single dose of prednisone (40 mg) by 22%. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and AUC of prednisolone increased by 16% and 37%, respectively.(3) A study of 14 healthy adults found that concurrent use of ketoconazole with ciclesonide increased the AUC of ciclesonide's active metabolite, des-ciclesonide, by approximately 3.6-fold at steady state, while levels of ciclesonide remained unchanged. However, the study concluded that no dosage adjustments were required because ciclesonide has a very low potential to cause side effects.(4) A study in 18 healthy subjects examined the effects of ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) on fluticasone nasal spray (200 mcg daily). In most subjects, fluticasone was undetectable (<10 pg/ml) when administered alone. In subjects in whom fluticasone was detectable when given alone, Cmax and area-under-curve AUC averaged 11.9 pg/ml and 8.43 pg x hr/ml, respectively. With concurrent ritonavir, fluticasone Cmax and AUC increased to 318 pg/ml and 3102.6 pg x hr/ml, respectively.(6-8) This reflects increases in Cmax and AUC by 25-fold and 350-fold, respectively.(6) The cortisol AUC decreased by 86%.(10-13) In a study in 10 healthy subjects, ritonavir (200 mg twice daily for 4 and 14 days) increased the AUC of a single dose of prednisolone by 1.41-fold and 1.30-fold, respectively, after 4 days and 14 days of ritonavir.(14) There have been several case reports of Cushing's syndrome in patients treated concurrently with ritonavir and inhaled budesonide,(15-16) dexamethasone,(17) injectable triamcinolone,(18-21) nasal fluticasone.(23-41) Hepatitis has also been reported with concurrent budesonide and ritonavir.(42) In a study in 9 healthy subjects, mibefradil (50 mg once daily for 3 days) increased the AUC, Cmax, and elimination half-life of methylprednisolone by 3.8-fold, 1.8-fold, and 2.7-fold, respectively.(43) In a study in 8 healthy subjects, following nefazodone administration the following changes were seen with methylprednisolone: mean (+/-SD) area under the concentration-time curve was significantly higher (1393 +/- 343 vs. 2966 +/- 928 ug*h/L; P < 0.005), apparent clearance was lower (28.7 +/- 7.2 vs. 14.6 +/- 7.8 L/h; P < 0.02) and the terminal elimination half-life was longer (2.28 +/- 0.49 vs. 3.32 +/- 0.95 hours; P < 0.02).(44) Selected steroids metabolized by CYP3A4 are linked to this monograph.(45) Selected CYP3A4 inhibitors linked to this monograph include: adagrasib, boceprevir, ceritinib, clarithromycin, erythromycin, itraconazole, josamycin, ketoconazole, lonafarnib, mibefradil, nefazodone, paritaprevir, posaconazole, ribociclib, telaprevir, telithromycin, troleandomycin, tucatinib, and voriconazole.(1-2,45)

Systemic Corticosteroids; Corticotropin (Acth)/Live Vaccines

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids and corticotropin suppress the immune system. In severely immunocompromised patients, virus replication after administration of live, attenuated-virus vaccines can be enhanced and/or the immune response to the vaccine may be decreased.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: The expected serum antibody response may not be obtained and/or the vaccine may result in illness.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids or corticotropin for equal to or greater than 14 consecutive days.(1)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that live-virus and live, attenuated vaccines should not be administered to patients who are severely immunosuppressed, including those who are receiving or have received high-dose, systemic steroids for greater than or equal to 14 consecutive days. Live vaccines should be deferred for at least 1 month after discontinuation of high-dose systemic steroids administered for 14 consecutive days. When initiating immunosuppressives doses of corticosteroids, wait 4 weeks after a live vaccines is administered. However, if patients require therapy for chronic inflammatory conditions, do not delay therapy due to past vaccines. Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued.(1) The US manufacturer of corticotropin(2) and triamcinolone(3) and the Australian manufacturer of dexamethasone(4) state that administration of live or live-attenuated vaccines is contraindicated in patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids or corticotropin. The manufacturer of deflazacort states that live or live-attenuated vaccines should be administered at least 4 to 6 weeks prior to initiation of therapy with deflazacort.(5)

DISCUSSION: Many clinicians consider a dose equivalent to either 2 mg/kg of body weight or a total of 20 mg/day of prednisone as sufficiently immunosuppressive to raise safety concerns about live-virus vaccines.(1) Immunization procedures may be undertaken in patients receiving corticosteroids when the therapy is short term (less than 2 weeks); low to moderate dose; long-term, alternate-day treatment with short-acting preparations; maintenance physiologic doses (replacement therapy); or administered topically (skin or eyes), by aerosol, or by intra-articular, bursal, or tendon injection.(1) Killed or inactivated vaccines do not pose a danger to immunocompromised patients.(1)

Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

Corticosteroids/Anticoagulants

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids may increase the coagulability of blood, thus decreasing the effect of the anticoagulant.(1,2) Corticosteroids may also lower vascular integrity, which could increase the risk of hemorrhage.(3,4)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of corticosteroids may result in either increased (increased risk of bleeding) or decreased effects (increased risk of treatment failure) of anticoagulants.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The risk for bleeding episodes may be greater in patients with disease-associated factors (e.g. thrombocytopenia). Drug associated risk factors include concurrent use of multiple drugs which inhibit anticoagulant/antiplatelet metabolism and/or have an inherent risk for bleeding (e.g. NSAIDs).

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The patient's clotting times should be monitored closely, along with any clinical signs of hemorrhage or clot formation. The dosage of the anticoagulant may need to be adjusted accordingly. If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of blood loss, including decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, fecal occult blood, and/or decreased blood pressure and promptly evaluate patients with any symptoms. When applicable, perform agent-specific laboratory test (e.g. INR, aPTT) to monitor efficacy and safety of anticoagulation. Discontinue anticoagulation in patients with active pathologic bleeding. Instruct patients to report any signs and symptoms of bleeding, such as unusual bleeding from the gums or nose; unusual bruising; red or black, tarry stools; red, pink or dark brown urine; acute abdominal or joint pain and/or swelling. The time of highest risk for a coumarin-type drug interaction is when the precipitant drug is initiated or discontinued. Contact the prescriber before initiating, altering the dose or discontinuing either drug.

DISCUSSION: Corticotropin and other corticosteroids have been shown to both increase (3,5-11) and decrease (1,12,13) the effects of acenocoumarol, dicumarol, fluindione, and warfarin. Hemorrhagic episodes have been associated with concurrent use of these medications.(3,5) One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that could be considered for classification as "non-interruptive" in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology.

Corticosteroids/Capivasertib

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Capivasertib may cause severe hyperglycemia. Corticosteroids also cause hyperglycemia.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of capivasertib with corticosteroids may cause severe hyperglycemia.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients with a medical history of diabetes mellitus and in patients with risk factors for hyperglycemia, such as obesity (BMI >= 30), elevated fasting glucose of > 160 mg/dL, HbA1c at or above the upper limit of normal, or intercurrent infections, may be at increased risk for hyperglycemia.(1)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of capivasertib recommends monitoring fasting blood glucose more frequently in patients on concomitant systemic corticosteroids.(1) If hyperglycemia occurs after starting capivasertib, monitor fasting glucose as clinically indicated and at least twice weekly until fasting glucose returns to normal.(1)

DISCUSSION: Because capivasertib has been associated with severe hyperglycemia, fasting blood glucose should be monitored closely during the concurrent use of corticosteroids with capivasertib therapy.(1) In clinical studies, hyperglycemia occurred in 18% of patients treated with capivasertib. Grade 3 (insulin therapy initiated; hospitalization indicated) or Grade 4 (life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated) hyperglycemia occurred in 2.8% of patients. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurred in 0.3% of patients and diabetic metabolic decompensation in 0.6% of patients. Dose reduction for hyperglycemia was required in 0.6% of patients and permanent discontinuation was required in 0.6% of patients. The median time to first occurrence of hyperglycemia was 15 days (range: 1 to 367).(1) In the 65 patients with hyperglycemia, 45% required treatment with anti-hyperglycemic medication (insulin in 15%, and metformin in 29%). Of the 29 patients who required anti-hyperglycemic medication during treatment with capivasertib, 66% (19/29) remained on these medications at treatment discontinuation or last follow up.(1)

Corticosteroids/Erlotinib

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of corticosteroids may increase the risk of gastrointestinal perforation in patients receiving erlotinib. Fatalities have been reported.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients with a history of peptic ulceration or diverticular disease or who are receiving concomitant anti-angiogenic, NSAIDs, and/or taxane-based chemotherapy may be an increased risk of gastrointestinal perforation.(1)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of gastrointestinal perforation. Discontinue erlotinib in patients who develop gastrointestinal perforation.(1)

DISCUSSION: In a phase II trial of concurrent bevacizumab plus erlotinib, 2 of 13 patients suffered fatal gastrointestinal perforations.(2) In another phase II trial of concurrent bevacizumab with erlotinib, 1 of 104 patients died of gastrointestinal perforation.(3) Two patients developed gastrointestinal perforations while taking erlotinib, corticosteroids, and ciprofloxacin.(3)

Corticosteroids/Gallium Ga 68 Dotatate

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: High-dose corticosteroids may down-regulate somatostatin subtype 2 receptors, the main binding site for gallium Ga 68 dotatate.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Repeated use of high doses of corticosteroids before use of gallium Ga 68 dotatate may result in false negative imaging results.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: In patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids prior to use of gallium Ga 68 dotatate, interpret imaging results with caution and in the context of the patient's clinical presentation.

DISCUSSION: Repeated use of high doses of corticosteroids before use of gallium Ga 68 dotatate may result in false negative imaging results due to down-regulation of the somatostatin subtype 2 receptor.(1)

Corticosteroids/Hormonal Contraceptives; Estrogens

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: It is speculated that hormonal contraceptives and estrogens inhibit hepatic metabolism of some corticosteroids as well as endogenous cortisol. Competitive protein binding may also contribute to elevations in serum corticosteroids.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of hormonal contraceptives or estrogens may result in an increase in the therapeutic and toxic effects of corticosteroids.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent hormonal contraceptives or estrogen should be observed for symptoms of corticosteroid toxicity. A lower corticosteroid dose may be required.

DISCUSSION: In a study in 6 healthy females controlled on long-term oral contraceptives, subjects received either a placebo or high and low-dose prednisolone (0.53 and 0.14 mg/Kg iv). Both dosages of prednisolone decreased the total clearance, unbound clearance, and volume of distribution (Vd) at maximum concentration (Cmax) of total drug. Significant increases in half-life for free and unbound prednisolone and hydrocortisone concentrations were also observed in comparison to the placebo group. In a study in 8 females controlled on oral contraceptive therapy, 8 females not receiving contraceptive therapy, and 8 males, each subject received prednisolone 40 mg iv. The plasma clearance of total prednisolone in females on OC was 96 ml/min, which was significantly lower than those in both the male and female (205 and 187 ml/min, respectively) control groups. Prednisolone half-life and mean residence times were increased. The oral contraceptive group had a significantly higher (2-fold) concentration of transcortin, resulting in lower clearance, decreased Vd, and a 2-fold increase in the area-under-curve (AUC) for prednisolone. A clinical trial demonstrated the interaction between prednisolone (20 mg) and oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol (30 mcg). The oral contraceptive users had an average plasma concentration of prednisolone 131% higher compared to the control group, and plasma cortisol levels were suppressed by approximately 90%. No differences were reported for ethinyl estradiol levels. In a study in 8 females taking oral contraceptives and 8 females who were were not, subjects received IV doses of prednisolone at 0.1 mg/Kg and 1.0 mg/Kg. Free prednisolone clearance was reduced by approximately 30% in the contraceptive receiving subjects compared to the control group, and plasma cortisol concentrations were reduced 2-fold compared to the control group. One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that could be considered for classification as "non-interruptive" in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology.

Corticosteroids/Nsaids

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids result in additive risk of GI ulceration.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids may increase the incidence and/or severity of GI irritation or ulceration, including increasing the risk for bleeding.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Risk of GI bleed may be increased in patients who are of older age, in poor health status, or who use alcohol or smoke. Risk may also be increased by concurrent use of anticoagulants, antiplatelets, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs); with longer duration of NSAID use; and with prior history of peptic ulcer disease and/or GI bleeding. The risk for bleeding episodes may be greater in patients with disease-associated factors (e.g. thrombocytopenia, advanced liver disease).

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy carefully for signs of gastrointestinal ulceration. Use the lowest effective NSAID dose for the shortest duration possible. If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of blood loss, including decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, fecal occult blood, and/or decreased blood pressure and promptly evaluate patients with any symptoms. Instruct patients to report signs of GI bleeding such as black, tarry stools; "coffee ground" vomit; nausea; or stomach/abdominal pain.

DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids increase the risk of GI bleeding.

Corticosteroids/Quinolones

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Quinolone-induced arthropathy is a class effect of the quinolones.(1) Exactly how corticosteroid use increases the risk of tendon rupture is unknown.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of quinolones and corticosteroids may increase the risk of tendonitis and/or tendon rupture. This affect is most common in the Achilles tendon, but has been reported in the rotator cuff (shoulder), hand, biceps, thumb, and other tendons.(2-9)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Risk factors for tendinitis and tendon rupture include age greater than 60; a history of kidney, heart, or lung transplantation, strenuous physical activity, renal failure, and previous tendon disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Quinolone use should be discontinued if the patient experiences pain, inflammation, or rupture of a tendon. Patients experiencing discomfort or pain should be instructed to rest and refrain from exercise until the diagnosis of tendonitis tendon rupture has been excluded.(2-9)

DISCUSSION: Ruptures of the shoulder, hand, Achilles tendon, or other tendons that required surgical repair or resulted in prolonged disability have been reported in patients receiving ciprofloxacin,(2) gatifloxacin,(3) levofloxacin,(4) lomefloxacin,(5) moxifloxacin,(6) nalidixic acid,(7) norfloxacin,(8) and ofloxacin.(9) A retrospective review of the IMS Health database examined quinolone use use from July 1, 1992 to June 30, 1998. The adjusted relative risk of tendon disorder with concurrent quinolone use was 1.9. Relative risk increased to 3.2 in patients aged 60 or older compared to 0.9 in patients aged less than 60. In patients aged 60 or older who used corticosteroids and quinolones concurrently, relative risk increased to 6.2.(10) In contrast, another retrospective review examined patients from a health insurance claims database and found no apparent effect from concurrent quinolone and corticosteroid use.(11) In a review of the follow-up to 42 spontaneously reported case of quinolone-associated tendon disorders in the Netherlands between January, 1988 and January, 1998, risk factors for tendon disorders included age older than 60, oral corticosteroid use, and existing joint problems.(12) In a review of the Swiss Drug Monitoring system, four of seven cases of levofloxacin-associated tendon problems also involved concurrent oral or inhaled corticosteroids.(13) In a review of the Medline database from 1966-2001, 98 case reports of tendinopathy associated with quinolones were located. Thirty-two (32.7%) of the patients had received systemic or inhaled corticosteroids before and during quinolone therapy. Of the 40 patients who suffered a tendon rupture, 21 (52.5%) were receiving corticosteroids.(14) Other authors have reported cases of tendon disorders in patients receiving concurrent corticosteroids and ciprofloxacin,(15) levofloxacin, (16-20) and ofloxacin.(21)

Corticosteroids/Selected Strong Cyp3a4 Inducers

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Strong CYP3A4 inducers may induce the metabolism of corticosteroids. Corticosteroids may affect the metabolism of phenytoin.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent or recent use of strong CYP3A4 inducers may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of corticosteroids. Dexamethasone has been shown to increase and decrease phenytoin levels.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Induction effects may be more likely with regular use of the inducer for longer than 1-2 weeks.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving concurrent therapy with a strong CYP3A4 inducer should be monitored for decreased effectiveness of their corticosteroid. Increased dosage of corticosteroid may be required during concurrent therapy and for several weeks after completing concurrent therapy. If concurrent therapy is discontinued, the dosage of the corticosteroid may need to be adjusted. Phenytoin levels should be closely monitored in patients receiving corticosteroids. The dosage of phenytoin may need to be adjusted if corticosteroids are initiated or discontinued.

DISCUSSION: Carbamazepine has been shown to increase the metabolism of methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and prednisone, resulting in decreased levels and effectiveness of these agents. Phenobarbital has been shown to increase the metabolism of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and prednisolone. Primidone is metabolized to phenobarbital. Phenytoin has been shown to increase the metabolism of dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and prednisone, resulting in decreased levels and effectiveness of these agents Rifampin has been shown to increase the metabolism of cortisol, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and prednisone. Strong CYP3A4 inducers linked to this monograph include: apalutamide, barbiturates, carbamazepine, encorafenib, enzalutamide, fosphenytoin, ivosidenib, lumacaftor, mitotane, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, rifabutin, rifapentine, rifampin, and St. John's wort.

Selected Corticosteroids/Levoketoconazole

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Levoketoconazole may inhibit the CYP3A4 mediated metabolism of some corticosteroids, resulting in increased systemic exposure. Levoketoconazole may also suppress endogenous cortisol output. Levoketoconazole is the enantiomer of ketoconazole.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of levoketoconazole may result in elevated levels of and effects from the corticosteroid, including Cushing syndrome. These effects have been seen with systemic as well as inhaled corticosteroids.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients should be carefully monitored with concurrent administration of these agents, or when levoketoconazole is added to corticosteroid therapy. The dose of the corticosteroid may need to be adjusted or alternative therapy considered.

DISCUSSION: The concurrent use of ketoconazole has been shown to increase budesonide area-under-curve (AUC) by eight-fold. In a study in eight healthy subjects, the simultaneous administration of ketoconazole increased budesonide AUC by 6.5-fold. Administering the two agents 12 hours apart increased budesonide AUC by 3.8-fold. In a study in 6 healthy subjects, pretreatment with ketoconazole (200 mg daily) increased the AUC of a single intravenous dose of methylprednisolone (20 mg) by 135% and decreased its clearance by 60%. Concurrent ketoconazole also increased the reduction in 24-hour cortisol AUC and suppressed morning cortisol concentrations. In a study in 8 healthy subjects, ketoconazole decreased the clearance of methylprednisolone by 46% and increased mean residence time by 37%. In a randomized, cross-over study in 6 healthy subjects, pretreatment with ketoconazole (200 mg daily for 6 days) had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of prednisolone (14.8 mg). In a study, concurrent oral ketoconazole increased the AUC of des-ciclesonide from orally inhaled ciclesonide by 3.6-fold. There were no changes in ciclesonide levels. In a study in 24 healthy subjects, subjects were randomized to receive either ketoconazole (200 mg BID) or placebo on Days 4-9 of a a 9 day course of mometasone (400 mcg BID). No subject had mometasone levels greater than 150 pcg/ml on Day 3. Four of 12 subjects who received ketoconazole had mometasone Cmax levels greater than 200 mcg/ml on Day 9. Plasma cortisol levels appeared to decrease as well. In a cross-over study in 15 healthy subjects, subjects were randomized to receive fluticasone furoate and vilanterol on days 5-11 with either ketoconazole (200mg once daily) or placebo for days 1-11 with a washout period of 7-14 days. Fluticasone furoate AUC was increased by 36%, Cmax was increased by 33%, and decreased systemic cortisol levels by 27%. There were no effects on heart rate and blood potassium levels. There was a small increase in QTc which was 7.6ms greater when compared to placebo; however, ketoconazole has been reported to increase QTc by 5-6ms. Vilanterol AUC was increased by 65% and Cmax was increased by 22%. There were no effects on heart rate and blood potassium levels. No serious adverse events occurred and no subjects withdrew from the study due to adverse events. The most common adverse event reported was headache. Coadministration of orally inhaled fluticasone (1000 mcg) and ketoconazole (200 mg once daily) resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in plasma fluticasone exposure and a 45% decrease in plasma cortisol AUC.

Steroids/Bupropion

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Both bupropion and systemic steroids are known to lower the seizure threshold.(1,2)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of bupropion and systemic steroids may result in additive effects on the seizure threshold, increasing the risk of seizures.(1,2)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The risk of seizures may be increased in patients with a history of head trauma or prior seizure; CNS tumor; severe hepatic cirrhosis; excessive use of alcohol or sedatives; addiction to opiates, cocaine, or stimulants; use of over-the-counter stimulants an anorectics; a total daily dose of bupropion greater than 450 mg or single doses greater than 150 mg; rapid escalation of bupropion dosage; diabetics treated with oral hypoglycemics or insulin; or with concomitant medications known to lower seizure threshold (antidepressants, antipsychotics, theophylline).(1,2)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The concurrent use of bupropion and systemic steroids should be undertaken only with extreme caution and with low initial bupropion dosing and small gradual dosage increases.(1,2) Single doses should not exceed 150 mg.(1,2) The maximum daily dose of bupropion should not exceed 300 mg for smoking cessation(2) or 450 mg for depression.(1)

DISCUSSION: Because of the risk of seizure from concurrent bupropion and other agents that lower seizure threshold, the manufacturer of bupropion states that the concurrent use of bupropion and systemic steroids should be undertaken only with extreme caution and with low initial bupropion dosing and small gradual dosage increases.(1,2)

Systemic Corticosteroids; Acth/Non-Live Or Non-Rep Vaccines

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids and corticotropin suppress the immune system and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Vaccines administered during or within 2 weeks prior to therapy with corticosteroids or corticotropin may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids or corticotropin for equal to or greater than 14 consecutive days.(1)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that non-live vaccines should be used with caution in patients who are severely immunosuppressed, including those who are receiving or have received high-dose, systemic steroids for greater than or equal to 14 consecutive days. When initiating immunosuppressives doses of corticosteroids, wait 2 weeks after a non-live vaccines is administered. However, if patients require therapy for chronic inflammatory conditions, do not delay therapy due to past vaccines.(1) The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving corticosteroids. Vaccinations given during corticosteroid therapy may need to be repeated.(1) Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(1)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations given during and within 2 weeks prior to corticosteroid therapy may be less effective. However they are considered safe to administer.(1) Many clinicians consider a dose equivalent to either 2 mg/kg of body weight or a total of 20 mg/day of prednisone as sufficiently immunosuppressive to raise safety concerns about live-virus vaccines.(1) Immunization procedures may be undertaken in patients receiving corticosteroids when the therapy is short term (less than 2 weeks); low to moderate dose; long-term, alternate-day treatment with short-acting preparations; maintenance physiologic doses (replacement therapy); or administered topically (skin or eyes), by aerosol, or by intra-articular, bursal, or tendon injection.(1)

There is no enhanced messaging for this drug.

There are no contraindication contraindications for this drug.

• Active tuberculosis
• Chronic heart failure
• Fungal infection
• Glaucoma
• Ocular hypertension

• Cataracts
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hepatic cirrhosis
• Hypercortisolism
• Hypertension
• Hypokalemia
• Hypothyroidism
• Inactive tuberculosis
• Kidney disease with reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFr)
• Myasthenia gravis
• Osteoporosis
• Peptic ulcer
• Peripheral edema

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Rare or Very Rare

• Allergic dermatitis
• Anaphylaxis
• Angioedema
• Chronic heart failure
• Dizziness
• Dyspnea
• Hypokalemia
• Peripheral edema
• Pruritus of skin
• Severe headache disorder
• Skin rash
• Urticaria

There are no less severe adverse reactions for this drug.

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