Aminocaproic Acid (aminocaproic acid)

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Aminocaproic acid is administered orally or by IV infusion (after dilution). Rapid IV injection of the drug is not recommended since hypotension, bradycardia, and/or arrhythmia may result.

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There are no contraindication interactions for this drug.

Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

Antifibrinolytics/Factor Ix; Anti-Inhibitor Coagulant Conc

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use may result in additive or synergistic effects on the coagulation pathways.(1-3)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use may result in thrombosis.(1-3)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of aminocaproic acid states that aminocaproic acid should not be administered concomitantly with Factor IX Complex concentrates or Anti-inhibitor Coagulant concentrates.(1) The US manufacturer of tranexamic acid states that concomitant use with Factor IX Complex concentrates or with Anti-inhibitor Coagulant concentrates should be avoided.(2,3) The Japanese manufacturer of tranexamic acid recommends caution when coadministered with drugs such as coagulation factor agents as coagulation may be further activated at sites with enhanced local fibrinolysis.(4) Concurrent use may be warranted in select patients with hemophilia A or hemophilia B or in select major trauma scenarios. Monitor patients closely for signs of thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and hypercoagulability if concurrent use is deemed necessary.(5-13)

DISCUSSION: There is very limited data on the risk of thrombosis with combination therapy. In a study, eight hemophilia B patients undergoing dental extraction procedures received combination therapy with aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid and monoclonal antibody purified factor IX for bleeding prophylaxis. All patients achieved hemostasis without clinical evidence of thrombosis as well as no changes were seen in hemoglobin, hematocrit, or in markers of hemostatic system activation.(5) In a study, seven hemophilia A patients with inhibitors and one with acquired hemophilia patient received activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC) and tranexamic acid for management of bleeding episodes and prevention of hemorrhage during surgery. Hemostatic outcomes were rated excellent or good in 10 out of 11 (91%) treatment episodes. No episodes of thrombosis or disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred during treatment.(6) A study in six hemophilia A patients and five healthy volunteers evaluated the use of tranexamic acid as an adjunct to APCC to control bleeding. Patients who received tranexamic acid had a significant increase in maximum clot firmness compared to healthy controls. No clinical or laboratory signs of thromboembolic events, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or hypercoagulability were observed.(7) In a retrospective cohort of 76 patients who received PCC for bleeding not caused by anticoagulation, some patients received additional hemostatic agents (protamine (59%), desmopressin (43%), and tranexamic acid (42%). Eight patients (11%) suffered thromboembolic complications but this was not stratified by the hemostatic agent.(8) In a prospective case crossover study, five healthy volunteers and six hemophilia patients with inhibitors received tranexamic acid with single-dose activated PCC or with recombinant activated factor VII. There were no thromboembolic events during the study.(9) In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled superiority trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) administration in trauma patients at risk of massive transfusion, a significantly higher risk of thromboembolic events occurred in the 4F-PCC group compared to the placebo group (35% vs 24%; relative risk 1.48 [95% CI, 1.04-2.10]). This was observed despite more frequent use of tranexamic acid in the placebo group (86% vs 76%).(10) Case reports reviewed the use of recombinant factor VIIa and FEIBA in 4 patients with severe hemophilia with inhibitors who underwent major surgery. The patients were also treated with tranexamic acid. Non-surgical bleeding was encountered in 4 of 8 surgical procedures. The overall outcome was good for all procedures.(11) In a retrospective cohort of 112 ambulatory tooth extractions in 23 hemophilia patients using a coagulation factor replacement therapy in combination with tranexamic acid, only one episode of mild postoperative bleeding occurred after seven days in a patient who did not have good treatment compliance.(12) In a prospective study evaluating the use of initial hemoglobin levels as a guideline for the initial treatment of clotting disorders in multiple trauma patients, 25 patients received a combination of hemostatic agents (fibrinogen (100%), PCC (96%), desmopressin (56%), tranexamic acid (52%), and factor VIIa (44%). Of the 25 patients treated, 16 (64%) survived. Two patients (8%) suffered thromboembolic complications but this was not stratified by the hemostatic agent. One patient survived after developing a grade II pulmonary embolism caused by deep leg vein trombosis and one patient died from multi-organ failure after developing multiple small vessel thrombosis.(13)

Tranexamic Acid; Aminocaproic Acid;Aprotinin/Tretinoin, Oral

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Tranexamic acid, aminocaproic acid, or aprotinin may increase the procoagulant effect of all-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin).(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of tranexamic acid, aminocaproic acid, or aprotinin in patients taking tretinoin may increase the risk of embolisms.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Tranexamic acid, aminocaproic acid, and aprotinin should be used with caution in patients taking oral tretinoin for acute promyelocytic leukemia.(1)

DISCUSSION: In a small study of 28 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia, patients were administered oral tretinoin with intravenous tranexamic acid, oral tretinoin with chemotherapy, or oral tretinoin with intravenous tranexamic acid and chemotherapy. All four patients who received oral tretinoin with tranexamic acid died. Three of these deaths involved thrombotic complications.(1) There is a case report of fatal thromboembolism in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia who was administered oral tretinoin and tranexamic acid concurrently.(2) There are two case reports of thrombosis in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia who were administered oral tretinoin and aprotinin concurrently.(2-4) Ones of the cases resulted in fatal thromboembolism.(4)

There are no moderate interactions for this drug.

*Active intravascular clotting process.

*When it is not clear whether hemorrhage is secondary to primary fibrinolysis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the distinction must be made before aminocaproic acid is administered. Do not use without concomitant heparin therapy in patients with evidence of DIC.

• Disseminated intravascular coagulation

• Hematuria
• Increased creatine kinase level
• Thrombotic disorder

• Disease of liver
• Kidney disease with reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFr)

Adverse effects have included nausea, vomiting, cramping, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, malaise, dyspnea, nasal congestion, headache, edema, and pruritus.

Less Frequent

• Abdominal pain with cramps
• Bradycardia
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Dizziness
• Fatigue
• General weakness
• Headache disorder
• Hypotension
• Myopathy
• Nasal congestion
• Renal failure
• Skin rash
• Thromboembolic disorder
• Thrombotic disorder
• Tinnitus

Rare or Very Rare

• Myoglobinuria
• Rhabdomyolysis

Less Frequent

• Diarrhea
• Dysmenorrhea
• Eye tearing
• Nausea

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Safety and efficacy of aminocaproic acid in pediatric patients have not been established.

Aminocaproic acid injection contains benzyl alcohol as a preservative. Administration of injections preserved with benzyl alcohol has been associated with toxicity in neonates. Toxicity appears to have resulted from administration of large amounts (i.e., 100-400 mg/kg daily) of benzyl alcohol in these neonates. Each mL of aminocaproic acid injection in multiple-dose vials contains 9 mg of benzyl alcohol. Although use of drugs preserved with benzyl alcohol should be avoided in neonates whenever possible, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) states that the presence of small amounts of the preservative in a commercially available injection should not proscribe its use when indicated in neonates.

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with aminocaproic acid. It is not known whether aminocaproic acid can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproductive capacity. Aminocaproic acid should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.

It is not known whether aminocaproic acid is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when aminocaproic acid is administered to a nursing woman.

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