Sugammadex In Sterile Water (sugammadex sodium in sterile water)
Reversal of NM Blocking-Selective Relaxant Binding Type Intravenous Syringe (ML)
Last reviewed · Source: First Databank (FDB) drug data
Overview
Sugammadex sodium, a modified gamma-cyclodextrin, is a selective relaxant binding agent.
Sugammadex, a modified gamma-cyclodextrin, is a selective relaxant binding agent. Sugammadex reverses neuromuscular blockade by binding to and forming a complex with (i.e., encapsulating) steroidal nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., rocuronium, vecuronium), thereby reducing the amount of neuromuscular blocking agent available to bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the neuromuscular junction. Sugammadex forms a complex with free rocuronium or vecuronium molecules in plasma in a 1:1 ratio; because of its cyclodextrin structure (hydrophilic molecule with a lipophilic core), the drug specifically encapsulates lipophilic (e.g., steroidal) molecules.
Among the steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents, sugammadex exhibits higher binding affinity for rocuronium than vecuronium, and a much lower affinity for pancuronium. The drug does not exhibit any binding affinity for succinylcholine, mivacurium, atracurium, or cisatracurium.
Commercially available sugammadex sodium injection may contain up to 7% of the monohydroxy derivative of the drug. The binding affinity of the monohydroxy derivative for rocuronium or vecuronium is approximately half that of sugammadex; however, products with up to 7% of the monohydroxy derivative have demonstrated nearly similar efficacy in reversing rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
Pharmacokinetics of sugammadex are based on the total concentration of free plus complex-bound sugammadex; the pharmacokinetic parameters of complex-bound sugammadex are assumed to be the same as those of free sugammadex. Sugammadex exhibits linear pharmacokinetics after administration of single IV doses of 1-16 mg/kg. Neither sugammadex nor the complex of sugammadex and rocuronium binds to plasma proteins or erythrocytes.
Sugammadex binds to hydroxyapatite in vitro; in animal studies, the drug distributed into and was retained in sites of active mineralization with a mean half-life of 172 and 8 days in bone and teeth, respectively. Sugammadex is not metabolized. The drug is principally eliminated by the kidneys (96%), almost completely as unchanged drug; over 90% of a dose is excreted within 24 hours.
Less than 0.02% of a dose is excreted in the feces or expired. The elimination half-life of sugammadex is about 2 hours in anesthetized patients with normal renal function, and 4, 6, or 19 hours in patients with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment, respectively. Hemodialysis using a high-flux filter removes about 70% of the drug over 3-6 hours.
Pharmacokinetics of sugammadex do not appear to be affected by age, gender, race, or obesity.
Generic name: sugammadex sodium in sterile water
Drug class: Reversal of NM Blocking-Selective Relaxant Binding Type
Therapeutic class: Locomotor System
Reference product & biosimilars
No reference, biosimilar or interchangeable associated with this drug.
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Indications
No indications are available for this drug.
Dosing
Dosage of sugammadex sodium is expressed in terms of sugammadex.
The appropriate dose and timing of sugammadex should be based on twitch response monitoring and the extent of spontaneous recovery that has occurred. Recommended doses are based on actual body weight (ABW) and not on the anesthetic regimen used. Use of lower than recommended doses of sugammadex may lead to an increased risk of recurrence of neuromuscular blockade and is therefore not recommended.
No clinically relevant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters have been observed between obese patients and the general population when the drug is dosed according to ABW. The current evidence therefore supports the use of ABW-based dosing for sugammadex in patients who are morbidly obese (body mass index (BMI) >=40 kg/m2) irrespective of the depth of neuromuscular blockade.
If readministration of a steroidal neuromuscular blocking agent is required (e.g., for intubation) after reversal with sugammadex, a minimum wait time should be observed. (See Readministration of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents under Cautions.)
Sugammadex is administered by direct IV (''bolus'') injection over 10 seconds into an existing IV line. The manufacturer states that the drug has only been administered as a single direct IV injection in clinical trials.
Sugammadex injection should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. The drug may be administered through an existing IV line containing the following solutions: 5% dextrose, 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride, 2.5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride, Isolyte(R) P in 5% dextrose, Ringer's injection, or lactated Ringer's injection. The IV administration line should be adequately flushed (e.g., with 0.9% sodium chloride injection) between administration of sugammadex and other drugs. Sugammadex should not be mixed with other drugs.
Prior to use, sugammadex injection should be stored at room temperature (25degreesC) but may be exposed to temperatures of 15-30degreesC. The drug should be protected from light; if not protected from light, the vial should be used within 5 days.
No dosing information is available for this tab.
No dosing information is available for this tab.
Drug interactions
Sugammadex is not likely to be metabolized by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes; therefore, CYP-mediated drug interactions are not expected.
Based on binding affinities between sugammadex and other drugs, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models, and data from preclinical and clinical studies, no clinically important pharmacodynamic drug interactions other than with toremifene and hormonal contraceptives are expected with sugammadex.
There are no contraindication interactions for this drug.
Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.
Sugammadex/Hormonal Contraceptives
SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Sugammadex may bind to hormonal contraceptives.(1,2)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Use of sugammadex may result in decreased levels of hormonal contraceptive similar to those seen with a missed dose of an oral contraceptive, which may result in decreased hormonal contraceptive effectiveness.(1,2)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of sugammadex recommends that all patients using hormonal contraceptives use an additional non-hormonal contraceptive method for 7 days following the administration of sugammadex.(1) The UK manufacturer of sugammadex recommends that patients taking oral hormonal contraceptives should be instructed to follow the missed dose instructions for their oral hormonal contraceptive on the day they receive sugammadex. Patients taking non-oral hormonal contraceptives should use an additional non-hormonal contraceptive method for 7 days following the administration of sugammadex and should refer to the advice in the package leaflet of their non-oral hormonal contraceptive.(2)
DISCUSSION: Use of sugammadex may result in decreased levels of hormonal contraceptive similar to those seen with a missed dose of an oral contraceptive, which may result in decreased hormonal contraceptive effectiveness.(1,2)
Sugammadex/Toremifene
SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Toremifene may displace rocuronium or vecuronium from sugammadex.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Use of toremifene on the same day as sugammadex may result in a delay in the recovery of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients who have received toremifene on the same day as sugammadex should be closely observed for delayed recovery from rocuronium or vecuronium.(1)
DISCUSSION: Use of toremifene on the same day as sugammadex may result in a delay in the recovery of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9.(1)
Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
Sugammadex/Fusidic Acid
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Fusidic acid may displace rocuronium or vecuronium from sugammadex.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Parenteral administration of fusidic acid pre-operatively may result in a delay in the recovery of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Closely monitor ventilation, especially during the first 15 minutes after dosing. If reoccurrence of blockade occurs, stop the infusion of fusidic acid and readminister sugammadex as recommended.(1)
DISCUSSION: Parenteral administration of fusidic acid pre-operatively may result in a delay in the recovery of the T4/T1 ratio to 0.9.(1)
Contraindications
*Known hypersensitivity to the drug or any ingredient in the formulation. (See Anaphylaxis and Hypersensitivity under Cautions.)
- Chronic kidney disease stage 4 (severe) GFR 15-29 ml/min
- Chronic kidney disease stage 5 (failure) GFr<15 ml/min
- Chronic kidney disease stage 2 (mild) GFR 60-89 ml/min
- Chronic kidney disease stage 3A (moderate) GFR 45-59 ml/min
- Chronic kidney disease stage 3B (moderate) GFR 30-44 ml/min
- Increased risk of bleeding due to coagulation disorder
- Kidney disease with likely reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFr)
Adverse reactions
Adverse effects reported in 10% or more of patients receiving sugammadex in clinical studies and with an incidence greater than that observed with placebo include vomiting, pain, nausea, hypotension, and headache.
Less Frequent
- Anaphylaxis
- Anemia
- Bradycardia
- Hypertension
- Hypocalcemia
- Hypotension
- Pain in oropharynx
- Pulmonary edema
Rare or Very Rare
- Acute respiratory failure
- Atrial fibrillation
- Atrioventricular block
- Cardiac arrest
- Dyspnea
- Hypersensitivity drug reaction
- Laryngismus
- ST segment changes
- Supraventricular premature beats
- Supraventricular tachycardia
- Tachycardia
- Ventricular fibrillation
More Frequent
- Headache disorder
Less Frequent
- Acute abdominal pain
- Chills
- Cough
- Depression
- Dizziness
- Erythema
- Fever
- Flatulence
- Hypoesthesia
- Increased creatine kinase level
- Infection
- Injection site sequelae
- Insomnia
- Musculoskeletal pain
- Myalgia
- Nausea
- Nervousness
- Pain
- Pain in extremities
- Proteinuria
- Pruritus of skin
- Symptoms of anxiety
- Vertigo
- Vomiting
- Xerostomia
Rare or Very Rare
- Ventricular tachycardia
- Wheezing
Precautions
No enhanced messaging available.
The manufacturer states that safety and efficacy of sugammadex have not been established in pediatric patients; however, the drug has been used for reversal of moderate rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in pediatric patients.
In a study evaluating sugammadex for reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in pediatric and adult patients undergoing surgery, similar recovery times were observed in pediatric patients 2-17 years of age and adults. Sugammadex plasma concentrations were similar in the different age groups, and no overall difference in safety was observed.
Animal studies have demonstrated increased sugammadex bone deposition in juvenile rats compared with adult rats. Decreased bone length and tooth abnormalities (i.e., discoloration and disturbance of enamel formation) were observed in juvenile rats receiving IV sugammadex daily for 28 days at doses approximately 0.1-3 times the maximum recommended human dose; these effects were not observed with once-weekly sugammadex doses up to 1.2 times the maximum recommended human dose.
There are no clinical trial data regarding use of sugammadex in pregnant women. Data from a pharmacovigilance safety database and published literature in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk. Animal studies revealed no evidence of malformations when sugammadex was administered during the period of organogenesis in rats and rabbits at maternal exposures up to 6 and 8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose. However, incomplete ossification and reduced fetal body weight were observed in rabbits at sugammadex doses 8 times the maximum recommended human dose, which corresponds to a dose level that also produced maternal toxicity.
It is not known whether sugammadex is distributed into human milk or if the drug has any effect on milk production or the nursing infant. The drug is distributed into milk in rats. The benefits of breast-feeding and the importance of sugammadex to the woman should be considered along with the potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from the drug or underlying maternal condition.
No dosage adjustment is necessary in geriatric patients with normal organ function. However, because sugammadex is substantially excreted by the kidneys and geriatric patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, the risk of adverse effects may be greater in such patients; careful dosage selection and monitoring of renal function are advised. (See Geriatric Use under Cautions.)
In a study evaluating use of sugammadex in geriatric patients, median time to recovery of the train-of-four (TOF) ratio to 0.9 following administration of sugammadex 2 mg/kg at the reappearance of T2 was 2.5 and 3.6 minutes in patients 65-74 years of age and those 75 years of age or older, respectively, compared with 2.2 minutes in younger adults (18-64 years of age). Across all clinical trials, geriatric patients 65 years of age or older who received sugammadex 4 mg/kg at 1-2 posttetanic counts had a median time to recovery of 2.5 minutes compared with 2 minutes in younger adults.
ICD codes
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Last reviewed · Source: First Databank (FDB) drug data
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