Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is a metabolic and electrolyte disorder characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium in the bloodstream, typically defined as a total serum calcium exceeding 10.5 mg/dL or an ionized calcium level above 5.3 mg/dL

It arises when the entry of calcium into the circulation exceeds urinary excretion or bone deposition, most commonly driven by primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy-associated osteolysis and humoral factors While mild elevations may be asymptomatic, progressively higher levels lead to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, nephrolithiasis, muscle weakness, constipation, neuropsychiatric disturbances, cardiac arrhythmias, and potentially life-threatening encephalopathy

It arises when the entry of calcium into the circulation exceeds urinary excretion or bone deposition, most commonly driven by primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy-associated osteolysis and humoral factors While mild elevations may be asymptomatic, progressively higher levels lead to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, nephrolithiasis, muscle weakness, constipation, neuropsychiatric disturbances, cardiac arrhythmias, and potentially life-threatening encephalopathy

The condition systemically affects the renal, gastrointestinal, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular systems While mild elevations may be asymptomatic, progressively higher levels lead to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, nephrolithiasis, muscle weakness, constipation, neuropsychiatric disturbances, cardiac arrhythmias, and potentially life-threatening encephalopathy

While mild elevations may be asymptomatic, progressively higher levels lead to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, nephrolithiasis, muscle weakness, constipation, neuropsychiatric disturbances, cardiac arrhythmias, and potentially life-threatening encephalopathy