Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte and fluid disorder defined by a serum sodium concentration below 135 mEq/L, reflecting an excess of total body water relative to total body sodium The condition primarily impacts the central nervous and cardiovascular systems across varied patient populations, occurring frequently in hospitalized individuals, older adults, and patients with underlying cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease

Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte and fluid disorder defined by a serum sodium concentration below 135 mEq/L, reflecting an excess of total body water relative to total body sodium The condition primarily impacts the central nervous and cardiovascular systems across varied patient populations, occurring frequently in hospitalized individuals, older adults, and patients with underlying cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease Clinical manifestations range from mild, nonspecific symptoms—such as naus...

Pathophysiologically, reduced extracellular effective osmolality promotes osmotic fluid movement into cells, resulting in cellular edema

Pathophysiologically, reduced extracellular effective osmolality promotes osmotic fluid movement into cells, resulting in cellular edema

Clinical manifestations range from mild, nonspecific symptoms—such as nausea, headache, fatigue, and gait instability—to severe, life-threatening neurological complications, including cerebral edema, seizures, coma, and respiratory arrest, depending on the magnitude and rapidity of the sodium decline

Clinical manifestations range from mild, nonspecific symptoms—such as nausea, headache, fatigue, and gait instability—to severe, life-threatening neurological complications, including cerebral edema, seizures, coma, and respiratory arrest, depending on the magnitude and rapidity of the sodium decline