Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is an advanced phenotypic phase of multiple sclerosis affecting the central nervous system, occurring in individuals who initially presented with a relapsing-remitting disease course It is clinically defined by an insidious, irreversible accumulation of neurological impairment and physical or cognitive disability that progresses independently of acute attacks

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is an advanced phenotypic phase of multiple sclerosis affecting the central nervous system, occurring in individuals who initially presented with a relapsing-remitting disease course

It is clinically defined by an insidious, irreversible accumulation of neurological impairment and physical or cognitive disability that progresses independently of acute attacks

Pathophysiologically, the disease shifts from predominantly focal, relapsing inflammatory demyelination toward diffuse neurodegeneration, compartmentalized central nervous system inflammation, microglial activation, and axonal loss Clinical presentation is further characterized as either active or non-active based on the presence of superimposed relapses or new magnetic resonance imaging activity, as well as with or without progression

Pathophysiologically, the disease shifts from predominantly focal, relapsing inflammatory demyelination toward diffuse neurodegeneration, compartmentalized central nervous system inflammation, microglial activation, and axonal loss

Pathophysiologically, the disease shifts from predominantly focal, relapsing inflammatory demyelination toward diffuse neurodegeneration, compartmentalized central nervous system inflammation, microglial activation, and axonal loss

Clinical presentation is further characterized as either active or non-active based on the presence of superimposed relapses or new magnetic resonance imaging activity, as well as with or without progression